Based on a meeting held June 4-7, 2009, at the Ettore Majorana Center in Erice, Sicily, Italy.

Includes bibliographical references (pages 307-377) and index.

A bottom-up approach to the primate mind / Frans B.M. de Waal, Pier Francesco Ferrari -- Section 1 From understanding of the actions of others to culture : The mirror neuron system in monkeys and its implications for social cognitive functions / Pier Francesco Ferrari, Leonardo Fogassi -- The human mirror neuron system and its role in imitation and empathy / Marco Iacoboni -- Social rules and body scheme / Naotaka Fujii, Atsushi Iriki -- What, whom, and how : selectivity in social learning / Ludwig Huber -- Learning how to forage : socially biased individual learning and "niche construction" in wild capuchin monkeys / Elisabetta Visalberghi, Dorothy Fragaszy -- Social learning and culture in child and chimpanzee / Lydia M. Hopper, Sarah Marshall-Pescini, Andrew Whiten -- Section 2 Empathy, perspective taking, and cooperation : A bottom-up view of empathy / Frans B.M. de Waal -- What does the primate mind know about other minds? A review of primates' understanding of visual attention / April M. Ruiz, Laurie R. Santos -- Human empathy through the lens of psychology and social neuroscience / Tania Singer, Grit Hein -- How much of our cooperative behavior is human? / Brian Hare, Jingzhi Tan -- Fetal testosterone in mind : human sex differences and autism / Bonnie Auyeung, Simon Baron-Cohen -- Section 3 Memory, emotions, and communication : The role of Broca's area in socio-communicative processes of chimpanzees / William D. Hopkins, Jared P. Taglialatela -- Emotional engagement : how chimpanzee minds develop / Kim A. Bard -- Distress alleviation in monkeys and apes : a window into the primate mind? / Filippo Aureli, Orlaith N. Fraser -- Enquiries concerning chimpanzee understanding / Charles R. Menzel, Emil W. Menzel Jr. -- What is uniquely human? A view from comparative cognitive development in humans and chimpanzees / Tetsuro Matsuzawa.